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Saturday, July 6, 2019

Principal Lisa Mars is Removed From "FAME" School Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts


Students at Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (known
as the "FAME" school or just "La Guardia High School")
 I believe all children are unique, have talents and abilities which should be valued, and integration does not mean pushing everyone into the same mold. Everyone is different. I am an identical twin, but totally different from my twin sister, who is four minutes older than I am, and we attended the same school k-12. We need to value differences and not punish those who are different.

I have four daughters, currently living nearby and all working on their careers. They all attended public high schools in New York City which are considered "the best" in the City, if not the most acclaimed in America: two went to Stuyvesant High School, one to La Guardia High School, and my youngest graduated from NEST+M. I saw all four of them get into the school that was right for them and their abilities/talents. They worked for that, I helped them. Two of my daughters started singing opera with the NYC Opera when one was 5, the other 9. I got them to Lincoln Center for every performance on time. It was not easy.

We need to give gifted education to all kids and for those who need support, get that too. We need to stop the fuzzy math, silly science, and other dumbed down curricula and instead look for and pay to use rigorous programs which raise the bar for all. If that means computers, so be it. For example, the Johns Hopkins' CTY program starts with taking their test. CTY gives a child computer resources (and individual/group activities) and much more, such as career counseling and guidance. This program is not the only one out there (see below). We need to integrate these resources into public education. We also need libraries with real books to stay open all day. We need to keep school choice and stop criticizing parents who place their children in charters and private schools on the public dime. A charter/private school may be the best for someone else's child, about whom you know nothing. I oppose the anti-charter movement. Why are we allowing political conversations about someone else's child? I oppose the Diana Ravitch argument that all charters are bad. I do not agree with her gobbledygook on that subject. I always tell parents that they should not agree with anyone's opinions about their child unless the evaluator is licensed....and even then, parents have the right to look elsewhere.

We need to stop putting politics above children's unique educational needs. We need to stop changing educational priorities as if learning styles were flavors of the month. And we need to get rid of the Danielson rubric as an evaluative tool! We need all our teachers to be free to teach as they want, with certain caveats for continuous failures seen in student outcomes. In New Jersey, teachers are disciplined for misconduct, not observation reports. That makes sense. There are no facts in observations, only non-final opinions. Let's stop firing good teachers for not having a lesson plan for a class they have taught for 20 years. Similarly, we must get away from political perceptions of job performance. Unhook the school budget from principals who can't hire/keep a senior teacher because he/she cannot afford the expense, and allow good teachers to be hired wherever they are and however much they are paid.

We need to set up a rule or legislation on when, how, and why a teacher's fingerprints are flagged in personnel files and put into the "ineligible/no hire" problem code list.

The current buzz in New York City is that we have to stop "The Test", meaning the one test which gets you in to the specialized high schools...or not. The people who want the test to end want highly gifted kids who have worked hard for their achievements to be punished. This is wrong. Throughout NYC principals are demanding that teachers change low grades to make the school look more successful and enlarge graduation rates. There is no oversight until a whistleblower staff member comes forward, then that person is discontinued/fired or brought to 3020-a. If grade analysis and not the TEST is the way kids get into a specialized school, nepotism and kids who cannot make a success of a gifted curriculum will destroy the education programs set for the gifted; put jealousy aside and value the gifted. Their academic talents are not their "fault".

We need to keep the SHSAT test, and assure the gifted/high achievers that their intellectual abilities are assets and they should be proud to be at Stuyvesant High School, Bronx Science, Brooklyn Tech, or wherever they want to be, not punished for high achievement. The solution is to open many more gifted and talented programs throughout New York City, for grades k-12. Start young. I agree with the Bronx Science statement on the issue of Gifted Education.

Leroy Comrie
Senator Leroy Comrie is right. Expand the number of specialized schools, give all 6th and 7th  graders prep for The Test, have all 8th graders take the SHSAT unless the parent opts out. Stop Guidance Counselors from denying kids the right to take The Test.

There are Gifted and Talented Programs throughout the US where a test must be taken to sift out those who are not ready for the work needed to be done. Here are some of those programs:
Johns Hopkins' Center For Talented Youth (CTY)
Davidson Institute
Robinson Center For Young Scholars
Gifted and Talented Resources Directory

People are very angry in New York City, as they should be, about the New York City Department of Education policy-makers and their blindness when it comes to segregation -  which many say is the highest in the US. Despite all the current talk, there is no change in practice. We know if students/parents feel powerless to change policy, or they feel unable to get anyone to hear their cries for relief, their anger becomes jealousy, harassment, and sometimes even worse.

All children have exceptional and unique abilities. I believe that it is our duty as adults to help them recognize what they are good at, and support them in reaching their personal bests. This is New York City, where you  don't need money to enrich a young person's life. The "great" schools that my own kids were accepted to were "great" because each of these schools valued certain talents and nurtured this within a public school setting. I believe that all parents, guardians and caregivers should know their child and then seek the resources he/she needs to succeed. Don't jump hoops to get accepted to schools which are not right for your child.

Stuyvesant takes the young person who is capable of high achievement in math or English, and gives them the challenges that they need in order to remain excited about learning and not dulled into boredom. Stuyvesant is not right for everybody, and the drugs, drop-outs, and failures are an example of this. NEST+M is also a great place for motivated, smart kids. But NEST+M is not for everybody, that's for sure. Yet the demographics are diverse, and that is what is terrific about NEST+M, the diversity and the high expectations for all students in the school.

La Guardia is not for everyone either, but is a wonderful place for nonacademic talent. When my daughter was there the creative energy ran through the very diverse student body like the northern lights on a lightning bolt. The art shows, theatrical performances and concerts were professional grade. At La Guardia you had to work hard not just on the math/science/history curriculum, but the talent show, play, and concert music which enriched the academic learning. That is why the last six years of Lisa Mars' reign at this great school has been so distressing. She wanted to take the creativity away to enlarge the academics. This is quite a huge mistake.

The students who wanted La Guardia to remain a place where nonacademic talent is valued and respected deserve to be praised for their work on removing a principal who refused to "get" this. Let's congratulate the students of La Guardia and the actions they took to fight for what they believe was right, namely removing Principal Lisa Mars. As Eric Nadelstern says in the article below by Ms. Willen,

"Removal for cause “is a lot harder at a place like LaGuardia, because students are learning,’’ Nadelstern told me. In fact, he added, LaGuardia has traditionally boasted one of the highest graduation rates of all New York City high schools. In addition, Nadelstern reminded me, decisions about keeping principals in place are not made in a democratic fashion.

“In too many cases, how parents and kids and teachers feel are of little relevance to the tenure of a principal, and that’s too bad,” he said."

 The lessons in civic responsibility, handling conflict and resolution were all done peacefully.Good work!

Betsy Combier
betsy.combier@gmail.com
Editor, Advocatz.com
Editor, NYC Rubber Room Reporter
Editor, Parentadvocates.org
Editor, New York Court Corruption
Editor, National Public Voice
Editor, NYC Public Voice
Editor, Inside 3020-a Teacher Trials

Departure of ‘Fame’ high school principal is victory for arts education and student power
Liz Willen, The Hechinger Report

NEW YORK — When the embattled principal of the celebrated “Fame” high school left last month after an epic controversy over arts education, she also left me with a huge, unanswered question: How do you remove a leader who creates a toxic school culture?

On a personal level, I care deeply about the school she led, formally known as Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. My musician sons are relatively recent graduates, and I’m still in touch with some of the amazing teachers we got to know during years of attending performances, conferences and school events.

So what went wrong at this famous high school, one that over the years inspired two movies and a television series?

Many educators began voicing concerns about the direction principal Lisa Mars was taking the school not long after her 2013 arrival. Her leadership soon heralded a volatile era marked by cuts in arts programming, from shortened rehearsal times for musicals to less investment in trained arts staff and proper equipment. Students complained that she steered them toward Advanced Placement classes many did not want to take. Beloved teachers left in frustration.

In addition, during Mars’ tenure, countless talented artists, dancers, actors and musicians were denied acceptance because of new admissions practices that appeared to prioritize grades over artistic excellence. In recent months, discontent boiled over, and students presented Mars with pages of grievances, from censoring theatrical productions to ignoring repeated requests for meetings.

On a professional level, I’m flummoxed by how long this principal was able to stay in power, despite the protests, petitions and bad publicity that dogged her. At The Hechinger Report, we follow research around school leadership and know it’s enormously important for both improving student outcomes and creating an environment where students and teachers can flourish.

We’ve covered stories of principals from all sorts of backgrounds in classrooms across the country, and we know that school leadership is second only to teacher quality in terms of its impact on student learning.

During the nearly six years between Mars’s appointment and her departure for an academic office job in the New York City Department of Education, more than 14,000 signatures ultimately landed on a petition demanding her ouster.

Yet it wasn’t until students took to school hallways in front of television cameras and threatened to turn their back on the principal on graduation day that the Department of Education finally announced that she would not be at the ceremony or returning at all.

So why did it take so long? And what does it all mean for schools with equally unpopular principals that don’t have LaGuardia’s high-profile alumni to help bring clout and news value to the demands of teachers, parents and students?

Related: Why do more than half of principals quit in five years?

I posed these questions to a Department of Education official and got this answer, after he assured me that Mars was not fired, just reassigned.

“Superintendents make principal hiring and firing decisions based on the needs of their communities, and conversations with these communities are central to their work,” spokesman Doug Cohen told me. “Our principals are leaders in the school system, and they must actively listen to, respond to and work hand-in-hand with community members every day.”

There was no explanation for why Mars was able to stay for so long and how the decision to give her another job was finally made. So I asked around.

“They [the DOE] feared more negative headlines and publicity so they pulled the plug,” offered David Bloomfield, a professor of education leadership at the CUNY Graduate Center and Brooklyn College who closely follows the New York City public school system.*

Like me, Bloomfield is a parent of a LaGuardia alum who had a tremendous experience at the school; his son is now a historian and a drag performer. Yet Bloomfield worries less about the future of LaGuardia — whose graduates include celebrity performers such as Jennifer Aniston, Nicki Minaj, Robert De Niro and Ben Vereen — than he does about lower-profile schools where principals are damaging staff and student morale and aren’t being replaced.

“Who is sitting down with these principals when they are struggling in terms of their leadership and school community relationships?” Bloomfield asked. “Who is saying, ‘this is how we make things better, and this is how we can improve?’ ”

Related: The big job of small town principals

I still wasn’t clear on exactly what it takes (aside from obvious things like breaking the law) to remove a New York City public school principal, so I called Eric Nadelstern, a retired deputy chancellor and professor whom I first met in the early 1990s, when he was principal of International High School in Queens.

Later, when he became a deputy chancellor, Nadelstern removed hundreds of principals.

Armed with data that students weren’t learning, Nadelstern gave principals at these failing schools options. “I told them they could leave, or they could allow me to make their life miserable,” Nadelstern said. Almost always, the principals left; they were either counseled out of the school system or allowed to revert to a previous tenured position as a teacher or assistant principal.

Removal for cause “is a lot harder at a place like LaGuardia, because students are learning,’’ Nadelstern told me. In fact, he added, LaGuardia has traditionally boasted one of the highest graduation rates of all New York City high schools. In addition, Nadelstern reminded me, decisions about keeping principals in place are not made in a democratic fashion.

“In too many cases, how parents and kids and teachers feel are of little relevance to the tenure of a principal, and that’s too bad,” he said.

Nadelstern, for the record, is also the parent of a LaGuardia graduate who now teaches in the Bronx. He has pushed hard for better principal training and overseen many principals over the years; he knows the difference between schools that are working and schools that are not.

And LaGuardia is one that, in his opinion, works. It is the only one of the city’s specialized high schools that does not admit students based solely on an entrance exam (LaGuardia considers both auditions and academic records). And it is known for being more diverse than the other specialized high schools, which have faced criticism as their enrollment of blacks and Latinos has plummeted.

“Really bright African American and Latino students shine at LaGuardia, and it’s one of the few that is integrated and where kids of color are among the highest performing students,” Nadelstern said.

Related: How to help principals do a better job? Train their bosses

Of course, I still want to know why the Department of Education would tolerate a principal meddling with a school that has a great track record not only for arts but for sending graduates off to the country’s finest colleges. Nadelstern believes the growing chorus of dissatisfaction and negative publicity had become impossible to ignore.

‘There was too much noise,’’ he said.

Bloomfield attributed a testing and accountability culture that prioritizes high tests scores and lots of Advanced Placement courses. “My theory is they [the Department of Education] wanted her there,’’ he told me. “It’s an administration interested in touting its academic indicators like AP for all, and she was doing what they wanted her to do.”

Headlines and stories about LaGuardia have deemed the departure of Mars as a victory for arts. Clearly, though, Mars might still hold her job were it not for student activism. Consider the victory lap taken in a message from recent LaGuardia drama graduate Tali Natter, proclaiming: “Activism works. Young people’s voices matter.”

Tali, who is headed to Williams College this fall, described months of unrest as students watched favorite teachers depart and tried, unsuccessfully, to communicate to Mars how they felt and what they wanted to see change. For months, nothing worked — until they staged a sit-in.

“I think it had to do with the large number of people who contacted the superintendent, which got the chancellor and the mayor and the media involved,” Tali told me. “This school can be so powerful and life changing, and shape your life, and now it will be that much easier and better, with less frustration and anger and fear.”

After Mars’ departure was announced, many teachers were elated, with some dancing in celebration. Now, I’m told, cautious optimism is setting in about LaGuardia’s future, although a lot of damage has been done.

Tali, meanwhile, said she and some other LaGuardia students have learned that “tangible change can happen.”

She added, “We keep making jokes that we should write an op-ed about how to get rid of a principal.”

*Update: This story has been updated to include David Bloomfield’s affiliations with CUNY and Brooklyn College.
Categories: News

Hundreds of LaGuardia High School students staged a sit-in of school hallways on May 31, ultimately resulting in the removal of the school's principal, Lisa Mars. JORDAN NASS-DEMAUSE
Opponents Of Former LaGuardia Principal Say Ouster Was Over Diversity, Not Just Arts
BY RAINA LIPSITZ, JULY 3, 2019 12:45 P.M. • 80 COMMENTS

On June 24th, shortly after she sent an email to students saying she’d be skipping this year’s graduation, it was reported that Dr. Lisa Mars, the embattled principal of the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, was finally stepping down after six years.

Mars cited “personal reasons” for her absence at graduation, and Council of School Supervisors and Administrators President Mark Cannizzaro told The Wall Street Journal that she had already been considering a new position. But her departure as principal came after years of protests by LaGuardia students, parents, and teachers, including an hours-long sit-in hundreds of students staged on May 31st.

It has been widely reported that the protests were sparked by Mars's decision to prioritize academics over the arts. But those who helped push Mars out say there’s more to the story than what some have portrayed as a mutiny by entitled kids with an allergy to algebra.

“A lot of news sources are turning this into, ‘We don’t want to learn or take advanced classes,’” says Cali Greenbaum, who served as tech theater rep in LaGuardia’s student government before graduating last month. “That’s not true. We want a good education; we just want an even focus on academics and the arts.”

Unlike at other specialized high schools in New York City, LaGuardia—which evolved from the High School of Performing Arts, the inspiration for the movie and TV series Fame, and which has produced dozens of well-known graduates, including actor Timothée Chalamet, comedian Michael Che, and rapper/actor Awkwafina—does not use standardized test scores as its basis for admission. Instead, prospective students are assessed based on an audition or art portfolio and their middle-school academic record.

But since Mars's arrival in 2013, according to a report by NBC New York, any student who fails to get an 80 or better in any core academic subject (English, math, science, or social studies) in middle school is summarily rejected, regardless of artistic talent.

It's a requirement that Mars's opponents say only ends up penalizing students who failed to attend middle schools with strong academic support systems. “Who are any of us in middle school?” asks Lauren Kinhan, whose daughter recently graduated from LaGuardia. “I would like to think that at 13 and 14 years old, you still have a chance to go to LaGuardia, regardless of what zip code you live in.”

In fact, complaints about the admissions process becoming less arts-focused surfaced years before Mars's arrival. Joseph Cassidy, then the principal of a middle school that sent many students to LaGuardia, lamented such changes in a 2000 New York Timesarticle. “Fifteen years ago [in 1985], it seemed LaGuardia would take the brilliant graffiti artist who didn't have good grades,” he said. “In the last five to ten years, they're also taking into account grades and attendance.”

At the same time, LaGuardia’s black population dropped and its Asian population increased dramatically. In 1989, the student body was about 37 percent white, 34 percent black, 19 percent Hispanic, and 9 percent Asian; by 1999, it was roughly 37 percent white, 25 percent black, 21 percent Hispanic, and 16 percent Asian. Today, it is around 46 percent white, 18 percent Hispanic, 19 percent Asian, 7 percent multiracial—and only 10 percent black, in a city that is 24 percent black.

LaGuardia’s decreasing diversity is particularly distressing to those who graduated in the 1990s, when the school was more racially mixed. Natalie DeVito, who graduated from LaGuardia in 1992, recalls being friends with Alexis Cruz, “a Puerto Rican kid from the Bronx” who has acted professionally since age 9.

Cruz says that he was a C student in middle school, but when he went to LaGuardia, his grades improved. “I had first heard about it in elementary school, and I was like, ‘Wait, that place in the TV show—that’s for real?’” he tells Gothamist. He says he saw the school as a place where his talents were nurtured, helping him to begin to evolve from the child actor he was to the working actor he is today.

For Cruz, LaGuardia was also a place to “escape from the Bronx,” and the first time in his life when he regularly interacted with people who weren’t black or Hispanic. That exposure to a wider world, he said, was “hugely important for our world view,” and certainly didn’t require “stellar grades” in middle school.

DeVito says kids like Cruz are not being given the same chances to succeed now. “In the nearly 30 years since I graduated, New York City kids did not become less talented," she says. "If you have a drop in one demographic, it’s not because those kids became less talented singers and dancers and musicians. Obviously the metrics we are using to assess worthiness for this school are broken.”

Under Mars, recent students say, the admissions changes were technological as well as ideological. Christina Lok, who served as student government secretary and graduated this year, says the admissions process used to be “more attentive to what made you an artist.” Now, she says, “students are graded on an iPad and rated on talent on a scale from 1 to 5. You can’t put a number on art.”

Kinhan, who says her daughter maintained a high GPA throughout school, resents the implication that LaGuardia parents and students were agitating for the school to be less academically driven. The main issue, she says, was that Mars “slowly and steadfastly continued to chip away at the fabric of the mission,” slashing rehearsal time and emphasizing Advanced Placement classes to the detriment of LaGuardia’s world-class student art and musical and theatrical performances.

Greenbaum says Mars clearly didn’t understand the school’s mission “to help kids who are talented in the arts thrive academically as well," Greenbaum is headed to the University of Colorado at Boulder to study aerospace engineering, a field she says she never would have pursued if not for her experience in tech theater at LaGuardia, where she acquired a host of technical skills, from set building to lighting to stage management, and decided she could be an engineer.

At the same time, parents, students, and graduates have complained that Mars' administration instilled what Lok calls “a sense of fear” and DeVito describes as “threats and bullying.” Many teachers left the school during Mars’ tenure, DeVito says, and others would only voice complaints anonymously because they “feared retribution.”

Dr. Paula Washington, an alumna, LaGuardia parent, LaGuardia teacher, and union chapter leader who will retire in January 2020, describes Mars as “charming, beautiful, and sociopathic.” She says the former principal had threatened parents and teachers who challenged her, including by convincing one teacher that she had the power to withhold her pension.

LaGuardia, Washington says, should foster different kinds of intelligence. So what if a child shows great artistic promise but has weak grades in certain academic subjects, she asks: “We’re teachers; we can help them.”

Shortly before the May sit-in, Washington organized a vote in which 119 LaGuardia teachers cast a vote of “no confidence” in Mars’ commitment to support and foster the school’s dual mission. (Only 15 supported the principal.) In 2017, the music teachers had revolted against cutbacks imposed by Mars, issuing a blistering joint statement that read, in part, “If your intention is to further erode morale, accelerate faculty turnover, and sabotage our dual mission by phasing out music, then your actions make sense.”

Neither Mars nor LaGuardia assistant principal Justin Mackey responded to requests for comment. In an emailed statement, DOE spokesperson Will Mantell said, "We thank Dr. Mars for her leadership, and we’re collaborating closely with LaGuardia’s community to find the next principal for the school and continue its proud history of excellence."

LaGuardia’s student-led protest stands out for its effectiveness in ousting a principal not accused of committing a crime, misrepresenting credentials, or failing to prevent violence. Though it's not entirely unprecedented: Two years ago, students at Townsend Harris High School in Queens—where Lisa Mars served as an assistant principal before being hired as LaGuardia principal—successfully protested to prevent the permanent appointment of acting principal Rosemarie Jahoda, who they said had not respected the school’s humanities tradition and failed to address unfair treatment of students of color.

Brooklyn College education law professor David Bloomfield, whose son attended LaGuardia from 2004 to 2008, tells Gothamist he believes the DOE removed Mars “because of all the publicity.” Similar conflicts over academics emphasis vs. arts were present prior to Mars's arrival, he notes, adding that the speed with which this all came to a head in the last month is surprising, especially since the removal of a principal is relatively rare and “usually done more quietly.”

Bloomfield told Hechinger Report earlier this week that Mars's opponents at LaGuardia were comparatively lucky, noting that plenty of less high-profile schools may have poor-performing principals as well: "Who is sitting down with these principals when they are struggling in terms of their leadership and school community relationships?"

Without the publicity that student protestors were able to get, Bloomfield tells Gothamist, it's unlikely Mars would have been removed. “I don’t think [DOE] would have moved on a less prestigious school without this kind of media attention," he says. "They didn’t even move on this school without media attention.”

Those who fought to oust Mars say they have warm feelings for several DOE officials. Many lauded Manhattan High Schools Superintendent Vivian Orlen, who attended LaGuardia’s graduation ceremony in Mars’ stead and delivered a well-received speech, and Executive Superintendent Marisol Rosales.

DeVito also praised Schools Chancellor Richard Carranza—who, depending on your perspective, is either going too far in attempting to integrate city schools, or failing to set goals precise enough to make a real difference—for his sensitivity and responsiveness. “There’s obviously a [diversity] problem here,” she said. “Pretending it doesn’t exist is not doing any favors for our city.”

Washington is blunt about what LaGuardia needs next: “a new principal with a passion for the arts.” According to a letter sent to LaGuardia parents by Superintendent Orlen’s office, Orlen and Rosales are currently interviewing candidates for an interim acting principal, but there won’t be an official posting for the principal job until the fall, at which point all qualified candidates, including the interim acting principal, will be able to apply. Resumes are also being collected for all vacant teaching positions and one assistant principal position.

At the same time, Isabel Janovsky, a former member of LaGuardia’s student government who graduated last month, said Mars—who has been reappointed to a position as a DOE senior advisor—deserves the same respect as any other human being. “We’re not attacking her personal character or saying she’s unfit for any position in general,” Janovsky said. “We’re just saying that what she has displayed as a leader is not where we want to be as a school right now.”

Update July 4th, 2019: This story has been updated with a statement from the Department of Education.


 LaGuardia High principal won’t attend graduation
 NY POST, June 24, 2019

From Betsy Combier:
This ouster of Mars was in the works for a long time:

Petition claims LaGuardia High School has hit sour note with academic push, NY Daily News, August 19, 2016

Change.org Petition:
Bring Fame Back to the "Fame" School!

What if Timothée Chalamet, Robert DeNiro, or Jennifer Aniston didn't have the chance to study drama at a high school for the arts?

What if Ben Vereen or Desmond Richardson weren’t able to study dance; or Nicki Minaj and Pinchas Zuckerman, music; or Milton Glaser, art?

The world would be a poorer place without their enormous contributions. Fortunately, they went to the best high school in the country for artistically gifted students - Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in NYC. Unfortunately, the next generation of talented artists may not have the same opportunity to develop their skills.

Since the 2013 arrival of principal Dr. Lisa Mars, LaGuardia's admission process has been radically altered in favor of academic scores and attendance records. With these new admission criteria, talent counts for only 14% of the admission decision.* As a result, hundreds of qualified and gifted students have been denied admission.

This change not only defies the 80-year-old mission of the Fameschool, it also violates the Hecht-Calandra Act of 1971, which gives specialized high schools the unique power to choose their students based on a specific set of criteria.

We demand that the Department of Education return the admission criteria to those consistent with the law and the original mission of the school.

The Facts
The Hecht-Calandra law provides that candidates for a specialized arts high school be required to “pass competitive examinations in music and/or the arts in addition to presenting evidence of satisfactory achievement.” However, since 2013, applicants who do not have at least a grade of 80 in every core academic subject are rejected, regardless of their audition score. So a student can receive a perfect 100 on their audition but be rejected because of a 79 they got in junior high school math.
According to the 2015/16 Department of Education School Survey:

- Only 13% of LaGuardia's teachers say they trust the principal

- Only 12% of teachers say the principal is an effective manager who makes the school run smoothly

- Only 16% of teachers say that the principal places the needs of children ahead of her personal interests

- The United Federation of Teachers is now publicly behind this petition and has given Dr. Mars a vote of no confidence.

- According to the 2017-18 School Performance Dashboard, Dr. Mars received a stunning 1.44 for Trust (out of 4.99), far below standards.

The esteemed legacy of LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts must continue. By our signatures below, we demand a return to admission requirements consistent with the Hecht-Calandra law and effective leadership for the school.

* This percentage was for the 2013/14 school year, provided by a Freedom of Information Law request. Requests for subsequent years’ admission statistics have gone unanswered.

Saturday, June 15, 2019

Mandell v County of Suffolk: Hostile Work Environment and First Amendment Retaliation

                                            United States Court of Appeals,  Second Circuit.

Howard E. MANDELL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The COUNTY OF SUFFOLK and John Gallagher, Police Commissioner, Defendants-Appellees.

Docket No. 01-7729.

    Decided: January 17, 2003

Before:  CARDAMONE, F.I. PARKER, and B.D. PARKER, Circuit Judges. Alan Polsky, Bohemia, New York, for Plaintiff-Appellant. Diane L. Beckmann, Assistant County Attorney, Hauppauge, New York (Robert J. Cimino, Suffolk County Attorney, Hauppauge, New York, of counsel), for Defendants-Appellees.
This is an appeal in an employment discrimination case.   There is a nursery rhyme that teaches “sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will never hurt me.”   Such is a lesson particularly doubtful in the workplace, as illustrated by this case, because alleged epithets and demeaning invective directed at a plaintiff by his or her superiors or co-workers can, if believed by a factfinder, subject an employer to legal liability for discrimination.
Plaintiff Howard E. Mandell, a practicing Jew and a now-retired employee of the Suffolk County Police Department (Suffolk County Police or the department), instituted the instant action against defendants, the County of Suffolk and John Gallagher, its police commissioner, individually and in his official capacity, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Mishler, J.).
Adverse employment actions were taken against him, plaintiff contends, because of his religion, and also in retaliation for his June 1987 testimony before the Suffolk County Legislature's Public Safety Committee and for his 1992 interview with Newsday, the Long Island daily newspaper.   Accordingly, the complaint alleges religious discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq., and First Amendment retaliation in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983.   It also asserts claims under New York State's Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law § 296, and the New York State Constitution, Article 1, § 8.
BACKGROUND
I Facts A. Plaintiff's Allegations of Pro-Catholic and Anti-Jewish Bias Within the Suffolk County Police Department
Because we are reviewing a dismissal of the complaint at the summary judgment stage, we view the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff and resolve all factual disputes in plaintiff's favor.   See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).  Plaintiff was employed by the Suffolk County Police for over 30 years, retiring with the rank of deputy inspector in 2001.   He joined the department as a police officer in 1969 and attained the rank of captain in 1988, through a series of promotions based on civil service examinations.   Mandell asserts that throughout his police career he faced a pro-Christian and, more specifically, pro-Irish-Catholic bias.   Further, he contends anti-Semitism for a long time has been a part of the department culture.   He has repeatedly been a target of anti-Semitic remarks and taunting, such as being called “that Jew” and “Jewboy” and being told that all Jews stick together, and was subjected to insulting and demeaning conduct by fellow officers.   He relates that on one occasion, for example, another officer tossed a dime on the floor before him to see if he would stoop down to pick it up.   Plaintiff claims also to have heard virulent anti-Semitic remarks directed at other Jews, such as “f* * *ing Jews” and “f* * *ing Jew lawyer.”   Although these overt expressions of anti-Semitism in his presence virtually ceased in 1989 upon his promotion to deputy inspector, he attributes this to his rank, not to a shift in the department attitude toward him.
Rabbi Jeffrey Wartenberg, a Suffolk County police chaplain, supported plaintiff's allegations, stating in an affidavit that during his 20 years with the department he had heard many Jewish officers complain about the disparaging remarks made against their religion.   Based on his experience, Rabbi Wartenberg concluded that “anti-Semitism is a way of life within the Department” and that Jewish officers had been held back in their careers by superiors with negative feelings about them.   He said his complaints to every police commissioner, including defendant Gallagher, did not result in any corrective action, and the Suffolk County Police continues to favor Catholics, while Jewish officers are only promoted in the rare cases where merit is the sole criterion.
B. Plaintiff's Career Before 1997 and His Public Criticism of the Department
In June 1987, when he was a police lieutenant, Mandell testified before the Suffolk County Legislature's Public Safety Committee.   His testimony described the department as insufficiently proactive in fighting organized crime, resistant to change, and more focused on protecting its internal bureaucracy than on protecting the public.   He also set out his view that the “old-boy network” within the department covered up officers' misconduct, including criminal activity, and that racism and anti-Semitism were systemic.   On the following day, plaintiff's photograph and an excerpt from this testimony appeared on the front page of Newsday under the headline, “Suffolk Cop Charges:  ‘They Look Out For Their Own.’ ”
Apparently members of the department were offended because in January 1988 plaintiff was expelled from the Suffolk County Patrolmen's Benevolent Association for having “branded the entire department as racist and anti-semites.”   Plaintiff says his expulsion was another manifestation of the general hostility toward him, triggered by his testimony, that persisted in the department for years.
Later in 1988 Mandell was promoted from lieutenant to captain.   This promotion, like those before it, was not discretionary to the commissioner, but based on a civil service examination, subject to the commissioner's bypass.   As part of the promotion procedure, Mandell's then-supervisor Inspector John J. Stewart wrote an evaluation that gave a generally positive assessment of plaintiff's work as a police officer, describing him as an “acceptable candidate for promotion to the rank of Captain.”   In the evaluation Stewart also stated that plaintiff was “a somewhat controversial individual” and complained that he (Stewart) had spent too much time on issues relating to plaintiff, the media, and internal investigations.   He wrote, specifically underlining the second clause,
While I do not consider that the attitude projected [by plaintiff] should necessarily affect [plaintiff's] suitability for promotion [to captain], I do feel that his attitude should be taken into account when placing him in any future assignment.
This evaluation was placed in plaintiff's personnel file.
A year later plaintiff was promoted to the rank of deputy inspector.   This promotion was distinct from Mandell's preceding promotions because all promotions beyond the rank of a captain were made at the discretion of the police commissioner, who at that time was Daniel Guido.   Unlike the commissioners before and after him, Commissioner Guido was not from Suffolk County;  he was an outsider and a known reformer.   Mandell attributes his promotion to Commissioner Guido's effort to institute a merit-based promotion policy and maintains that after Commissioner Guido's resignation, the department reverted to its “old-boy network's” practices of nepotism and cronyism.   The 1989 promotion to deputy inspector was not only plaintiff's sole discretionary promotion;  it was also his last.
Several years later, in the summer of 1992, at his supervisor's request, Mandell gave an interview to Newsday for its series of articles entitled “Black ‘n’ Blue in Wyandanch:  Summer in the 1st Precinct.”   The series focused on the operation of the predominantly white police force in a predominantly black community of Wyandanch.   The second article quoted plaintiff as saying that the Suffolk County Police had difficulty recruiting black officers because the black community viewed police officers as oppressors.   The article reported, in addition, plaintiff's comment that he had to remove some officers with racist attitudes from covering Wyandanch despite his efforts to screen officers for racist attitudes before assigning them there.
After the publication of the Newsday article, Mandell's co-workers' hostility toward him escalated.   For example, other police officers would not talk to him unless they had to, and two police chiefs expressly warned him that his comments in Newsday might harm his chances for advancement.   Within days of publication, Chief Edwin Michel told him that if he wanted to be a chief he would have to learn to keep his mouth shut, and Chief Gerald Marcoe advised that his career might be adversely affected because he was “still carrying the baggage from having testified,” referring to the 1987 Public Safety Committee testimony.   In January 1993, five months after the interview, Mandell was transferred from the executive officer position he held in the First Precinct to a post of commanding officer in the Staff Services Bureau.   Plaintiff viewed this transfer as punishment because his superiors knew he preferred to work in the more prestigious patrol division rather than in the desk job at Staff Services.
C. Plaintiff's Career During Gallagher's Tenure as Commissioner
In January 1997 defendant John Gallagher became police commissioner of Suffolk County.   The crux of plaintiff's complaint is that Gallagher, who is Irish-Catholic, promoted a pro-Catholic mentality in the department.   At official police functions Gallagher made statements like “[W]e are all good Christians,” and, “[W]e can all work well together because we all went to good Christian schools, were taught by the Christian Brothers and learned good Christian values.”   Defendants respond that Gallagher's statements were innocuous and taken out of context.
During Gallagher's tenure as commissioner, Shomrim, a fraternal organization for Jewish police officers that Mandell co-founded, saw its membership decrease dramatically;  the organization was defunct when plaintiff retired.   Plaintiff contends that this occurred under Gallagher's administration because visibility as a Jew in the department was seen as a liability.
On four separate occasions between 1997 and 1999, Gallagher declined to promote plaintiff to the rank of an inspector:  on August 4, 1997 (one position open);  on September 7, 1998 (two positions open);  on August 30, 1999 (two positions open);  and on November 7, 1999 (one position open).   These promotions went to Catholic officers instead.
When he was passed over the first time in August 1997 Mandell complained to Gallagher about discrimination in the department.   Defendant said he would institute a formal internal affairs investigation.   Dissatisfied with this response, plaintiff wrote a letter on August 25, 1997 to Suffolk County Legislator Maxine Postal. In the letter he criticized Gallagher's decision to forward his discrimination complaint to Internal Affairs, and labeled defendant as “either the most pathetically inept Commissioner that we have ever had or the most devious.”   It is sharply contested whether Gallagher saw a copy of this letter prior to the instant litigation.
In November 1999 Gallagher involuntarily transferred plaintiff, who was then a commanding officer-a top-ranking and decision-making position in a division-to the more subordinate position of executive officer.   This transfer was perceived as a demotion not only by plaintiff but also by his fellow officers who commented that the transfer was not favorable, not in anticipation of a promotion, and that it was plain the department was trying to force plaintiff to resign.
II Proceedings Below
The instant action was commenced in March 1999, with an amended complaint filed in February 2000.   In the amended complaint Mandell contends that the four denials of promotion to inspector in 1997-1999 and the 1999 transfer to executive officer were motivated in part by religious discrimination and in part by retaliation for his public criticism of the department.   At the close of discovery, defendants moved for summary judgment on a number of different grounds.   Concluding that plaintiff had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination or to adduce evidence of a causal connection between the two instances of speech and the adverse employment actions at issue, the district court granted defendants summary judgment on all plaintiff's claims.   This appeal ensued.   We affirm, in part, and vacate and remand, in part.
DISCUSSION
I Standard of Review
A district court's grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.  Graham v. Long Island R.R., 230 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir.2000).   A district court may award summary judgment only if, after drawing all reasonable inferences and resolving all ambiguities in the non-moving party's favor (here plaintiff), it concludes that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.  Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).  To overcome such a motion, the non-moving party must offer sufficient proof to allow a reasonable fact-finder to decide in its favor.   In discrimination cases where state of mind is at issue, we affirm a grant of summary judgment in favor of an employer sparingly because “careful scrutiny of the factual allegations may reveal circumstantial evidence to support the required inference of discrimination.”  Graham, 230 F.3d at 38.
II Title VII and State Human Rights Law Claims Against Gallagher
 Although the district court ruled in favor of defendant Gallagher on other grounds, the district court's dismissal of plaintiff's Title VII claims against Gallagher in his personal capacity must be affirmed because under Title VII individual supervisors are not subject to liability.   See Wrighten v. Glowski, 232 F.3d 119, 120 (2d Cir.2000) (per curiam);  Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1317 (2d Cir.1995);  see also Shumway v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 118 F.3d 60, 63 (2d Cir.1997) (noting that “an appellate court may affirm the judgment of the district court on any ground appearing in the record”).   Individual liability is sometimes possible, however, under New York's Human Rights Law. Gregory v. Daly, 243 F.3d 687, 689 n. 1 (2d Cir.2001);  Tomka, 66 F.3d at 1317.   Since the parties have not briefed this issue, either in the district court or on appeal, and because, as discussed below, we vacate the dismissal of the state Human Rights Law claims against the county, we also vacate the dismissal of those state claims against Gallagher, without prejudice to his raising the issue of individual liability on remand.
III Title VII and State Human Rights Law Claims Against County
 We analyze plaintiff's federal and state law discrimination claims together since in other contexts we have applied federal standards of proof to discrimination claims under the state Human Rights Law. See Abdu-Brisson v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 239 F.3d 456, 466 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 993, 122 S.Ct. 460, 151 L.Ed.2d 378 (2001) (age discrimination);  Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33, 42 n. 1 (2d Cir.2000) (sex discrimination);  Torres v. Pisano, 116 F.3d 625, 629 n. 1 (2d Cir.1997) (hostile work environment);  Van Zant v. KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 80 F.3d 708, 714-15 (2d Cir.1996) (hostile work environment and retaliation).   As the parties do not contend that federal and state standards diverge, we will for purposes of this opinion assume that the standards of proof applicable to plaintiff's Title VII and Human Rights Law claims are the same in all relevant respects.
A. Prima Facie Case
 Mandell's religious discrimination claims are analyzed under the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973).   See Meiri v. Dacon, 759 F.2d 989, 994 (2d Cir.1985) (applying the McDonnell Douglas framework to a religious discrimination claim).   At the first stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis, a plaintiff has the burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination by showing that he or she:  (1) is a member of a protected class;  (2) was qualified for the position at issue;  (3) was denied the position;  and (4) that the circumstances of the adverse employment decision give rise to an inference of discrimination.  Howley v. Town of Stratford, 217 F.3d 141, 150 (2d Cir.2000);  Rosen v. Thornburgh, 928 F.2d 528, 532 (2d Cir.1991).   Defendants do not contest the first three elements, focusing instead on the fourth element, and contending, as they did in the district court, that the circumstances do not give rise to an inference of discrimination.
 The burden of establishing a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas is minimal.  Howley, 217 F.3d at 150.   In the case at hand, plaintiff's evidence of discrimination falls into three categories:  (1) Gallagher's statements indicating his preference for promotion of Christians or Catholics;  (2) evidence of department culture tolerant of anti-Semitism;  and (3) promotion of Catholic officers on the four occasions at issue.
1. Gallagher's Comments.   At an official police function shortly after he became commissioner, Gallagher addressed members of the department in a speech replete with references to Christian values and Catholic education, including such comments as the “all good Christians” remarks noted earlier.   On another occasion, the commissioner professed his belief in absolute papal authority at a breakfast meeting with department members.   From these statements, a reasonable juror could infer that Gallagher viewed Catholicism-or, more broadly, Christianity-as a necessary part of a good police officer's make-up and that he considered non-Christian officers to be lacking the right make-up.
In his response, Gallagher declares that he mentioned Christian schooling only in pointing out that Chief Monteith and he had attended the same school run by the Christian Brothers order, and the Pope's absolute authority, he said, was used as an analogy to a police commissioner's prerogative to circumvent hierarchical channels of communication and to work directly with officers at the various level of the chain of command.   At the summary judgment stage, however, we must resolve all factual disputes in plaintiff's favor.   Accepting plaintiff's account of Gallagher's comments as true, a reasonable juror could conclude that these comments indicated Gallagher's pro-Christian or pro-Catholic bias.
 The trial court rejected the proof regarding Gallagher's preference for Catholics as insufficient to support a prima facie case of religious discrimination, absent any proof of animus directed specifically at Jews. We think this reasoning was error.   First, contrary to the district court's belief, plaintiff did submit evidence of anti-Jewish animus, which we discuss in a moment.   Second, to establish a claim of religious discrimination, plaintiff does not have to prove that defendants discriminated solely against his religion.   An employer discriminating against any non-Catholic violates the anti-discrimination laws no less than an employer discriminating only against one discrete group, in this case, Jews.
2. Culture of Department.   Anti-Semitic comments and behavior have traditionally been part of the culture of the Suffolk County Police Department.   The facts section detailed the epithets aimed at plaintiff and the department's tolerance for anti-Semitic conduct, such as the coin toss mentioned earlier, which was a reference to the demeaning ethnic stereotype that Jews are “cheap.”   Although most of these examples of overt anti-Semitism pre-date plaintiff's 1989 promotion to deputy inspector, a reasonable juror could find this improved behavior reflects not a change in attitude, but only greater caution by fellow officers regarding their conduct in the presence of an officer who outranked them.
Further support for plaintiff's allegations about the department's culture bias is provided by the affidavit of Rabbi Wartenberg who served as the Suffolk County police chaplain for 20 years.   Although his affidavit contains a number of conclusory characterizations, Rabbi Wartenberg also avers that he had communicated his concern about anti-Semitic attitudes within the department to every commissioner with whom he had worked, including Commissioner Gallagher.   All responded by acknowledging that anti-Semitism was a problem, but failed to take any concrete action to remedy it.   For instance, throughout his tenure as a chaplain, Rabbi Wartenberg said he had never seen an official statement issued by a commissioner condemning anti-Semitism, nor had he ever heard of a police officer receiving punishment beyond chastisement for anti-Semitic conduct.
This proof indicates that department leadership, including Gallagher, knowingly tolerated anti-Semitic attitudes and conduct.   Interpreted in the light most favorable to plaintiff, it suggests an anti-Jewish bias on defendants' part and therefore further supports the assertion that Gallagher's decisions not to promote plaintiff and to transfer him to a subordinate position were motivated by an illegal animus.
3. Promotion of Catholic Officers.   On four occasions Gallagher passed over plaintiff for promotion to inspector in favor of others.   Of the six deputy inspectors promoted in 1997-1999, five were concededly Catholic.   Mandell admittedly does not know the religion of the sixth deputy inspector though he believes he is also Catholic.   Defendants do not dispute the religious backgrounds of the promoted deputy inspectors, declaring instead that such promotions are not proof of discrimination.
 A showing of disparate treatment-that is, a showing that the employer treated plaintiff “less favorably than a similarly situated employee outside his protected group”-is a recognized method of raising an inference of discrimination for purposes of making out a prima facie case.   Graham, 230 F.3d at 39.   A plaintiff relying on disparate treatment evidence “must show she was similarly situated in all material respects to the individuals with whom she seeks to compare herself.”  Id. Ordinarily, the question whether two employees are similarly situated is a question of fact for the jury.   In the instant case, plaintiff has adduced enough evidence to support a finding that the promoted officers and plaintiff were sufficiently similarly situated to support an inference of discrimination.   Mandell and the promoted officers were all qualified and Mandell had greater or comparable seniority, having spent more time in rank and more time in the department than all but one officer of those promoted ahead of him.
In contesting the significance of the promotions, defendants first rely on Gallagher's statement that at the time of the promotions he was not aware of the promoted officers' religious backgrounds.   Additionally, defendants assert that an inference of discrimination is not warranted because on each of the four occasions the pool of candidates included other deputy inspectors with similar or greater seniority than plaintiff's, some of whom Gallagher knew to be Catholic and yet chose not to promote.   Yet, even were Gallagher's denials of knowledge to be believed, it still remains true that in a predominantly Christian department, Gallagher's decision to reject the one known Jewish candidate in favor of a candidate of unknown religion, coupled with his pro-Christian comments, could support an inference of discrimination. In any event, we think the proof detailed in (1), (2), and (3) is sufficient to satisfy plaintiff's minimal prima facie burden.
B. Defendants' Proffer of Legitimate Nondiscriminatory Reasons
 Given that plaintiff has established a prima facie case of discrimination, we now turn to the remaining two stages of the McDonnell Douglas analysis.   Under McDonnell Douglas, once plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, a presumption arises that his employer unlawfully discriminated against him.  Tex. Dep't of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981).   To rebut this presumption, the employer must come forward with admissible evidence of legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons for its adverse actions toward plaintiff.   See id.
With respect to the August 1997 promotion, Gallagher's deposition testimony provides sufficient evidence of legitimate reasons for his decision not to promote plaintiff.   Gallagher testified that in evaluating candidates for the August 1997 promotion he relied heavily on the recommendations of police chiefs and the deputy commissioner.   Several of the chiefs as well as precinct community leaders recommended the officer ultimately promoted at that time, Deputy Inspector Hamann.   In addition, Gallagher maintains that he chose Hamann because Hamann was already working in the precinct where the vacancy existed, and was therefore familiar with conditions there.
Gallagher further attributes his decision not to promote plaintiff to the negative impression plaintiff made on him during a 1997 interview.   He states in vague terms that Mandell “did not project the image ․ of someone who has a positive grasp” of some unspecified “areas” of interest to Gallagher.   While defendant does not clarify what particular “image” he was seeking, it appears that the negative impression stemmed at least in part from plaintiff's reaction during the interview to Gallagher's expressed preference for promoting an officer from within the precinct.   Plaintiff told Gallagher he considered this approach unfair because it disadvantaged officers in support services functions, a position Mandell then held.
Gallagher's testimony also provides evidence of nondiscriminatory reasons for the post-1997 denials of promotion.   Gallagher explains that he chose not to promote Mandell on those three occasions because of plaintiff's derogatory comments about him in the letter sent to County Legislator Postal, which plaintiff wrote after being passed over for the August 1997 promotion.   The letter characterized Gallagher as either “inept” or “devious,” and it further labeled him a “modern day version of Pontius Pilate” because plaintiff thought that by referring his discrimination complaint to the Internal Affairs Bureau, Gallagher washed his hands of the anti-Semitism problem in the department.   Gallagher maintains that he received a copy of the letter prior to the September 1998 round of promotions and was influenced by its content, as well as by the negative impression made on him by Mandell's 1997 interview.
 Defendants do not articulate any basis for the 1999 transfer from commanding officer to the more subordinate position of executive officer.   In fact, in their briefs in the district court and here, defendants address the transfer claim primarily by stating that officers other than plaintiff have also been transferred from commanding officer positions to executive officer positions.   Without any evidence with respect to the circumstances of these transfers, the fact they occurred is not relevant to our analysis.   Accordingly, defendants failed to carry their burden of establishing legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons for the demotion, and the dismissal of plaintiff's claim of discriminatory transfer must be vacated.
C. Plaintiff's Ultimate Burden of Establishing Discrimination
 Once the employer produces evidence of legitimate reasons for its actions, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the real reason for the adverse employment decision was discrimination.   Although plaintiff is not required to show “that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence,” evidence of pretext may help plaintiff carry his ultimate burden on this final stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis.  Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089.
As noted above, defendants have established legitimate reasons for the 1997-1999 denials of promotions but not for the 1999 transfer.   Accordingly, our analysis on the final stage of the McDonnell Douglas framework is limited to plaintiff's claims of illegally denied promotions.
Mandell presented evidence suggesting that defendants' reliance on plaintiff's letter to Legislator Postal as a reason for denying plaintiff promotions is pretext.   Legislator Postal and her assistant, who handles Postal's correspondence, submitted affidavits stating that they never showed plaintiff's letter to anyone or copied it, and that their practice generally is to treat all incoming correspondence as confidential.   Plaintiff similarly denies ever forwarding a copy of his letter to anyone.   From this proffer, a trier of fact could find, contrary to defendants' assertions, that Gallagher did not see the letter until the commencement of this law suit and that defendants may therefore be using the letter as a pretext to cover up a discriminatory motive.   See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 147, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000).
 Further, even though plaintiff does not present evidence directly contradicting defendants' remaining stated reasons for not promoting him-plaintiff's 1997 interview with Gallagher and, with respect to the 1997 round of promotions, chiefs' recommendations of Hamann and Hamann's greater knowledge of the precinct-this failure is not fatal to plaintiff's claims.   We have previously cautioned that an employer may not rely solely on wholly subjective and unarticulated standards as a basis for its promotion decisions.  Byrnie v. Town of Cromwell, Bd. Of Educ., 243 F.3d 93, 104 (2d Cir.2001).   An employer's explanation of its legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons must be “clear and specific.”  Meiri, 759 F.2d at 997.   Here, Gallagher's explanation of the negative impact of the 1997 interview is couched in vague and general terms since the “positive image” that, in his view, plaintiff failed to project is not described in any concrete terms.   Given plaintiff's evidence of Gallagher's pro-Christian statements at official police functions, a reasonable factfinder could believe that the sought-after “positive image” incorporated Christian religious affiliation and that Gallagher refused to promote plaintiff because plaintiff did not meet that requirement.   Gallagher admittedly knew that plaintiff was Jewish and therefore, even without knowing the other candidates' religion, could have chosen to avoid plaintiff as the one known non-Christian candidate.
Defendants are on more solid ground in relying on police chiefs' recommendations of Hamann and on Hamann's prior knowledge of the precinct as a basis for Gallagher's decision to promote him rather than plaintiff in 1997.   Plaintiff has not produced any evidence of anti-Semitic comments or conduct by the five chiefs who submitted recommendations to Gallagher.   Contrary to plaintiff's argument, his own and Rabbi Wartenberg's generalized descriptions of pervasive anti-Semitism within the department are not sufficient to support an inference that those five police chiefs' recommendations were in fact tainted by anti-Semitic sentiment.   But even here the ultimate decision to accept these recommendations was Gallagher's.   Because, as discussed above, plaintiff has presented evidence indicating Gallagher's pro-Christian bias, we cannot conclude that proof of the police chiefs' recommendations entitles defendants to judgment as a matter of law.
In sum, we think that based on the evidence submitted in support of plaintiff's prima facie case and on plaintiff's evidence of pretext, a reasonable juror could find that defendants' 1997-1999 decisions not to promote plaintiff to the rank of inspector were motivated by religious discrimination.   We must therefore vacate the dismissal of plaintiff's claims of discriminatory failure to promote under Title VII and the Human Rights Law.
IV 42 U.S.C. § 1983:  First Amendment Retaliation
Analysis turns to plaintiff's claim of First Amendment retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.   Mandell alleges that, by failing to promote him to the rank of inspector in 1997-1999 and by transferring him to the position of executive officer in 1999, defendants illegally retaliated for his public criticism of the department before the County's Public Safety Committee in 1987 and for his 1992 interview with Newsday.   The district court summarily rejected this claim for lack of proof of causal connection between the speech and the alleged adverse employment actions.   On appeal, defendants additionally insist that plaintiff's speech does not enjoy constitutional protection, that he suffered no adverse employment actions, and that he failed to establish a basis for the County's liability under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978).   Further, they maintain that Gallagher is entitled to qualified immunity.
A. Retaliation in General
 Although a public employee “does not relinquish First Amendment rights to comment on matters of public interest by virtue of government employment,” these rights are not absolute, because the government, as an employer, has a legitimate interest in regulating the speech of its employees to promote the efficiency of its public services.  Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 140, 103 S.Ct. 1684, 75 L.Ed.2d 708 (1983) (citing Pickering v. Bd. of Educ., 391 U.S. 563, 568, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968)).   The extent of permissible government regulation of speech under these circumstances is determined by balancing the interest of the employee, in his role as a citizen, in commenting on matters of public concern against the interest of the government, in its role as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the services it performs through its employees.  Morris v. Lindau, 196 F.3d 102, 109-10 (2d Cir.1999).
 Before reaching this balancing test a court must be satisfied that a plaintiff claiming First Amendment retaliation has demonstrated that:  (1) his speech addressed a matter of public concern, (2) he suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) a causal connection existed between the speech and the adverse employment action, “so that it can be said that his speech was a motivating factor in the determination.”  Id. at 110;  see also Locurto v. Safir, 264 F.3d 154, 166 (2d Cir.2001) (describing elements of First Amendment Retaliation claim).   If the plaintiff produces evidence of these three elements, the government may nevertheless escape liability on either one of two separate rationales.   One way the government may prevail is by demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence that it would have taken the same adverse action in the absence of the protected speech.  Morris, 196 F.3d at 110.   Alternatively, the government may show that plaintiff's speech was likely to disrupt the government's activities, and the likely disruption was “sufficient to outweigh the First Amendment value of plaintiff's speech.”  Locurto, 264 F.3d at 166.   If the government relies on the latter rationale and the balance of interests indeed weighs in the government's favor, plaintiff may still succeed by proving that the adverse action was in fact motivated by retaliation rather than by fear of disruption.  Id.
B. Retaliation in This Case
 Applying these principles to Mandell's case, we find wholly unpersuasive defendants' contention that plaintiff's 1987 Public Safety Committee testimony did not enjoy a constitutionally protected status because it was a disgruntled employee's complaint about his own promotional opportunities.   Such characterization of Mandell's testimony finds no support in the record.   As a general rule, speech on “any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community” is protected by the First Amendment.   Connick, 461 U.S. at 146, 103 S.Ct. 1684.   Plaintiff's testimony criticized the department's approach to fighting organized crime, its resistance to change, and its systemic racism and anti-Semitism.   All these subjects are clearly matters of public concern.
 Similarly meritless is defendants' contention that plaintiff suffered no adverse employment action.   Adverse employment actions include both refusals to promote and demotions.  Morris, 196 F.3d at 110.   It is undisputed that defendants refused to promote plaintiff to the rank of an inspector, and that the 1999 transfer placed plaintiff in a position subordinate to the one he had previously held.
 Again, defendants maintain plaintiff failed to establish a causal connection between his public criticism of the Suffolk County Police and the adverse employment decisions.  “Causation can be established either indirectly by means of circumstantial evidence, for example, by showing that the protected activity was followed by adverse treatment in employment, or directly by evidence of retaliatory animus.”  Id. at 110.   We think Mandell adduced sufficient direct evidence of retaliatory animus to create a triable question of fact on this issue.   Several reasons lead us to this result.
The 1988 letter expelling plaintiff from the Suffolk County PBA expressly stated that he was being removed for having “branded the entire department as racist and anti-semites.”   This expulsion shows that, at least during the months following Mandell's testimony, a substantial number of police officers viewed the testimony as a betrayal of the department.   An evaluation placed in plaintiff's personnel file in May 1988 contained negative comments and recommendations plainly brought on by that testimony.   Specifically, Inspector Stewart wrote negatively about plaintiff and although the inspector did not recommend denial of plaintiff's next promotion-the non-discretionary promotion to the rank of a captain-he did emphasize that Mandell's “attitude should be taken into account when placing him in any future assignment.”   Because this evaluation was placed in plaintiff's file, it could have reasonably impacted Mandell's career opportunities in the ensuing years.
Further, during the days following the Newsday interview, Chief Michel told plaintiff that he would have to learn to keep his mouth shut, and Chief Marcoe told him that his career might be adversely affected because of the “baggage” created by his 1987 testimony.   The latter comment suggests that negative attitudes towards Mandell caused by that testimony lingered for at least five years.   Because both Michel and Marcoe were among those chiefs who recommended candidates other than plaintiff for the 1997 promotion to inspector, a reasonable factfinder could find their comments indicate a retaliatory animus that influenced their decision not to recommend plaintiff.
Defendants urge that the substantial time lapse between plaintiff's speech and the adverse employment actions precludes a finding of causation.   They correctly point out that to provide an independent basis for an inference of causation, temporal proximity must be significantly greater (meaning that the time lapse must be shorter than it is in this case).   See, e.g., Morris, 196 F.3d at 113-14 (holding that absent other evidence of retaliatory motivation, no inference of causation follows from fact of adverse action occurring two years after speech).   It should be noted that Morris, the case defendants primarily rely on, was an employment termination case.   It makes logical sense that if an employer wishes to retaliate by firing an employee, he is likely to do so soon after the event.   In a failure to promote case, however, the opportunities for retaliation do not necessarily immediately present themselves.   Be that as it may, however, plaintiff here does not rely on temporal proximity as affirmative evidence of causation.   He offers instead direct evidence of retaliatory animus discussed above.   Further, some of plaintiff's evidence-namely, Inspector Stewart's evaluation and Chief Marcoe's 1992 reference to the “baggage” of the 1987 testimony-indicates that plaintiff's criticism of the Suffolk County Police may have had a lasting effect on plaintiff's career.   In light of this evidence, we cannot conclude that the time lapse, though admittedly lengthy, conclusively establishes lack of causation.
Defendants also declare that an inference of causation is not justified because Gallagher said he was not aware of plaintiff's negative statements about the department until after the 1997 denial of promotion, and because plaintiff received one discretionary promotion after his 1987 testimony.   Yet, a trier of fact does not have to believe Gallagher's denials of knowledge, since in making his 1997 promotion decision Gallagher consulted police chiefs who were aware of both the testimony and the interview.   Further, Gallagher's denials of knowledge, even if truthful, are not dispositive because, as noted a moment ago, Gallagher's choice in 1997 was based on recommendations of police chiefs, two of whom had made statements indicative of retaliatory animus.   Moreover, Gallagher's asserted lack of knowledge is irrelevant to the remaining denials of promotions and to the 1999 transfer decision, as Gallagher admittedly reviewed plaintiff's 1987 testimony shortly after the 1997 denial of promotion.
Nor does plaintiff's claim of retaliation fail because of his 1989 promotion to deputy inspector.   First, no promotions followed the 1992 Newsday interview, the second instance of protected speech.   Second, a reasonable juror could find that Commissioner Guido's administration in 1989 had a fairer and more merit-driven promotion policy than Gallagher's administration in 1997-1999.
As a consequence, we believe plaintiff submitted adequate proof to support a finding that his public criticism of the department affected defendant Gallagher's promotion and transfer decisions.
 Finally, we reject defendants' argument that the state's interest in regulating Mandell's speech outweighed his interest in the speech simply because when he gave his Newsday interview he held the rank of deputy inspector.   Defendants advanced no reason why the interview was likely to disrupt the department's operations, nor has our own review of the Newsday article revealed any basis for such a conclusion.   See Lewis v. Cowen, 165 F.3d 154, 162 (2d Cir.1999) (“The government bears the burden of demonstrating that the speech threatens to interfere with government operations.”).
C. Municipal Liability
 A municipal entity may be liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 only if the alleged constitutional violation was caused by the entity's “policy or custom.”  Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018.   The “policy or custom” requirement, however, “is intended simply to distinguish acts of the municipality from acts of its employees, in order that municipal liability be limited to conduct for which the municipality is actually responsible.”   Dangler v. New York City Off Track Betting Corp., 193 F.3d 130, 142 (2d Cir.1999).   Thus, if the challenged action is directed by an official with “final policymaking authority,” the municipality may be liable even in the absence of a broader policy.   See Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 481-83, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) (“Municipal liability attaches only where the decision-maker possesses final authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the action ordered.”).   Here, plaintiff challenges as retaliatory employment decisions made by Gallagher, who, as the Suffolk County police commissioner, had authority to set department-wide personnel policies.   Gallagher's position provides a sufficient basis for holding the County liable for his adverse decisions with respect to plaintiff.
D. Qualified Immunity
 Under the doctrine of qualified immunity, a government official performing discretionary functions is shielded from liability for civil damages if his conduct did not violate plaintiff's clearly established rights or if it would have been objectively reasonable for the official to believe that his conduct did not violate plaintiff's rights.   See, e.g., Lewis, 165 F.3d at 166-67 (describing the qualified immunity doctrine).   Where specific intent of a defendant is an element of plaintiff's claim under clearly established law, and plaintiff has adduced sufficient evidence of that intent to defeat summary judgment, summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds is inappropriate.   See Locurto, 264 F.3d at 169-70;  Sheppard v. Beerman, 94 F.3d 823, 828 (2d Cir.1996).   In the present case retaliatory intent is an element of plaintiff's claim, and we have already noted that plaintiff's evidence of retaliatory animus is sufficient to make defendants' motivation a triable issue of fact.   Until that issue is resolved by a factfinder, therefore, the retaliation claim against defendant Gallagher cannot be dismissed on qualified immunity grounds.
In sum, we conclude that the district court erred in dismissing Mandell's retaliation claim for lack of evidence of causation.   And because defendants' remaining arguments lack merit, we must vacate the dismissal of this claim and remand it to the trial court.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the dismissal of the Title VII claim against Gallagher in his personal capacity, vacate the district court's judgment in all remaining respects, and remand the case to the district court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
CARDAMONE, Circuit Judge.